Based on the relevant data of the top 28 trading partners of China’s aquatic product export trade volume from 2007 to 2021, this paper analyzes the evolution characteristics of the spatial pattern of China’s aquatic product export trade in combination with the trade intensity index and gravity center model, and builds the gravity model to further study its influence mechanism. The results show that: (1) There are competitiveness and complementarity between China and RCEP members in spatial pattern. Besides, CAFTA has trade creation effect and promotes the migration of gravity center. (2) China’s aquatic products export evolves to diversified trade pattern on the whole, homogeneity of spatial pattern gradually increases. It is trade location, supply and demand market, geoeconomics and geopolitics that exert influence on spatial pattern. (3) Therefore, to open up market share of “One Belt One Road” is the optimal choice for optimizing the spatial structure of aquatic product export trade. In addition, promotion of FTA and the entry into force of RCEP contribute to supply-side reform of fishery and improvement of export trade conditions.

The paper puts forward the “regional marine governance” based on the geographical perspective for promoting balanced economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress; In the light of such idea, an index system is established to evaluate the provincial-scale marine governance levels in mainland China, and its variation of temporal-spatial disparities during 2006—2020 are analysed; Then, an index system is constructed to describe the factor endowment needed for conducting regional marine governance. Based on the changes of endowments in coastal provinces, their efficiency and capability on the evolution of marine governance level has been investigated. The results show: (1) While the marine governance levels of all coastal provinces keep fluctuating improvement, the inter-provincial disparities expand. (2) The overall endowment of regional marine governance factors in coastal provinces succeed to grow, but changes of criterial scores are different. (3) Nationwide economic factor’s efficiency is the highest, and the ecological factor’s efficiency is the lowest. (4) With the increase in coordination between the two systems, the enrichment of the endowment of regional marine governance factors in coastal provinces plays an increasingly significant role in promoting the marine governance level.

A total of 330 marine cultural heritage sites were selected from the national key cultural relics protection sites in 11 coastal provinces and cities. With the help of GIS spatial analysis tools and Geodetector, the temporal and spatial patterns and influencing factors of marine cultural heritage were analyzed. The results show that the distribution of marine cultural heritage presents two intensive areas, mainly in the Yangtze River Delta and Fujian. In each historical period, the marine cultural heritage in the Yangtze River Delta has the most vital continuity; the Qin-Han Dynasties and modern times are the two critical periods for the qualitative changes in the composition of the marine cultural heritage. The formation of the spatial and temporal pattern of marine cultural heritage is affected by various factors, with the historical process of human beings involved in the sea as the leading factor. The river basin and dialect are the main environmental factors that determine the spatial and temporal pattern of marine cultural heritage and have spatial heterogeneity in the north and south coastal areas. In the process of social development, the regional policy environment significantly impacts the registration of marine cultural heritage.

Based on the combination of analytical hierarchy process and entropy power method, using the relevant data of 11 provinces in Western China (excluding Tibet) from 2012 to 2020, a talent competitiveness evaluation system in the western region is constructed, and the spatial and temporal evolution of talent competitiveness in western provinces are analyzed. The results show that: (1) Talent effectiveness has the highest weight, among which the level of technology market transactions plays a crucial role in talent competitiveness improvement, and the weight of talent attraction and the weight of talent scale need to be improved. (2) The talent competitiveness of Western China is improving slowly, and the gap between the comprehensive level and the national level is obvious, and regional differences have widened, it is characterized by polarization and widening difference between north and south. Shaanxi Province has the strongest talent competitiveness, Qinghai Province is the cold spot region of talent competitiveness, and Sichuan and Guizhou have remarkable improved. (3) The gap between each talent dimension in Western China and the national average is obvious, and the gap between provinces is large, with most provinces improving slowly.

This paper constructed the evaluation index system of urban development quality, using the entropy value method, spatial autocorrelation analysis to analyze the level of quality and the evolution characteristics of the spatial pattern of the county urban development based on 137 county-level administrative units in Shandong Province. Research shows: （1） The overall level of urban development quality in Shandong Province is on the rise, but the relative differences are still relatively significant，Jinan and Qingdao municipal districts are the most dynamic areas for county urban development. （2） Affected by natural conditions, economic location, government policies and other factors, the spatial pattern of “four high and four low” development quality of county towns in Shandong Province is significant, and the counties with high scores generally show an inclined “H” shape distribution. （3） The quality of county urban development in Shandong Province has significant spatial correlation characteristics, forming respectively a small range of high-clustering areas and low-clustering areas.

From the perspective of regional resilience, urban economic resilience measurement model and geographical weighted regression model were used to analyze the differences and influencing factors of economic resilience of different counties in Fujian under the COVID-19  epidemic situation. The results showed that: （1）Firstly, the economic toughness of Fujian Province was dominated by two grades: high economic toughness and medium economic toughness. The proportion of lower toughness and lower toughness was small, but the proportion of high toughness was small. The overall toughness of county economy needs to be improved. The resilience pattern of county economy in Fujian Province presents two agglomeration centers with high economic resilience, namely west Fujian agglomeration center and east Fujian agglomeration center. （2）Secondly, the influence factors of industrial resilience, innovation factors and epidemic severity in the past disasters were not strongly explanatory. Consumption level, economic exportability and government management capacity were the main factors affecting the resilience of Fujian county economy. （3）Thirdly, Consumption, the scale of import and export trade, the level of foreign capital utilization, government management ability and other factors had significant heterogeneity on the resilience of county economy in Fujian, showing different spatial pattern characteristics.

Starting from a complex network perspective, we measure the smart city construction efficiency of 144 smart cities above the prefecture level in China from 2004 to 2019 based on the SBM model, construct a spatial correlation network based on the modified gravity model, explore the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and network structure effects of smart city construction efficiency in China using social network analysis as well as OSL, and propose its efficiency impact mechanism accordingly. The research results show that: ① The efficiency of smart city construction shows the general characteristics of first growth and then decline, with large fluctuations, and the change trend is closely related to the policy strength; ② The spatial network of smart city construction efficiency shows the dominant development pattern of “multi-city core” in general, and the pattern follows the dynamic evolution of the policy; ③ The center cities are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal region. Most cities are weak in construction, whose efficiency continues to decline, and influence is gradually weakening at the macro level. There are obvious regional differences between  related policies and landing implementation; ④ The number and scale of core circle cities first expand and then shrink, the spatial distribution expands to the southeast and central; ⑤ The network density and the node centrality on the efficiency of smart city construction have positive contribution to the average distance, while the network efficiency and the network level are negative effects.

Taking 119 cities in China as the research unit, on the basis of constructing an index system for evaluating the development level of urban exhibition industry, the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and the center of gravity model were used to analyze the differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of the exhibition industry from 2013 to 2021 and explore the driving factors in combination with the geographic probe. The results show that: (1) Temporally, the development level of urban exhibition industry steadily increases but is generally low, with regional differences and stage development characteristics; spatially, the development level of urban exhibition industry shows an increasing trend from inland to coastal, and urban clusters become the main body of urban exhibition industry development, finally forming a cluster development pattern dominated by four major urban clusters; in terms of center of gravity movement, the east-west movement is large, and the north-south movement is small. (2) The overall difference in the development level of urban exhibition industry is narrowed, and the difference mainly comes from the super-variable density. (3) The spatial evolution pattern of China’s urban exhibition industry is driven by various factors such as socio-economic development, external links, resource endowment, regional status and government support.

Based on the multi-source data of Gaode map POI, population density, land price and digital elevation model, this study explored the spatial-temporal differentiation, influencing factors and over-standard control of residential floor area ratio in Guangzhou from 2012 to 2022 by means of spatial autocorrelation and geographical detector. The results showed that:(1)The city’s residential floor area ratio was high and varied, and had experienced two stages of fluctuation and invisible stability, with a maximum value of 4.0 in 2016 and a minimum value of 2.5 in 2018. (2) On the whole, it showed the characteristics of circle layer decreasing with high concentration in the center and low in the edge, and proportion of  over-standard plots accounts was nearly 40%, while the rate of exceeding the standard in the old city was even as high as 84%. (3) The spatial differentiation of residential floor area ratio was affected by multiple factors such as natural environment, built environment, plot attribute and social economy, and land price and population density were the dominant factors.(4)It was suggested to formulate strength zoning scheme, control guidance and adjustment coefficient, implement rigid control and elastic adjustment of residential floor area ratio, and realize the zoning and grading control of residential floor area ratio in Guangzhou.

Based on the online comments data of medical and health industries, a variety of spatial analysis methods were used to study the spatial layout and online comments pattern characteristics of the medical and health industry in the main urban area of Zhengzhou. The results show that: (1) The comprehensive accessibility of the medical and health industry shows the spatial characteristics of “high in the middle, low in the periphery and high values contiguous scattered”. The spatial characteristics of accessibility of different types of medical and health industries are different. The areas with high comprehensive accessibility and diversity are mainly located in the old urban areas within the Third Ring Road; (2) The online comments of the medical and health industry are not high on the whole, while the environmental evaluation is better than the service evaluation. The spatial pattern characteristics of online comments of diverse types of medical and health industries are different. The farther away from the city center, the lower the scores tend to be; (3) There is a strong correlation between the comprehensive accessibility, diversity and comprehensive evaluation of the medical and health industry in terms of spatial distribution, and the higher the accessibility and diversity of regional medical resources, the better their online evaluation tends to be. The spatial distribution of the medical and health industry is also closely related to the traffic and population distribution.

Based on the four dimensions of resistance, recovery, adaptability, and renewal, a resilience measurement index system was constructed for the development zone, and the Changsha High-tech Industrial Development Zone (hereinafter referred to as “Changsha Hi-tech Zone”) was used as a case to measure its resilience level by using the mutation level model. Using a vector autoregressive model, we analyzed the factors influencing resilience from perspective of city, development zone and enterprise. The results indicated that the resilience level of Changsha High-tech Zone showed an increasing trend from 2011 to 2021, but the increase of each dimension varied, with the most obvious increase in recovery, followed by resistance and resilience, and the smallest increase in renewal. The impact of each element on the resilience of the development zone differs, expressed as the development zone was the largest, the city it was located in was the second and the enterprise was the smallest. Among them, the overall innovation ability and policy effect of the development zone were the main factors influencing the resilience of Changsha High-tech Zone, the industrial diversification and marketization level of the city it was located in, and the core technology control and growth ability of the enterprise explained more strongly the causes of the resilience of the development zone.

Based on the theory of tourists’ perceived value and the related theories of online communication, through the comparative study before and after, this paper explores the changes of Beijing tourism’s domestic perceived image after the Winter Olympic  Games Beijing 2022 by using the software of ROST CM 6 and Gephi 0.9.5. The findings are as follows:(1) After the successful hosting of the Winter Olympics, Beijing’s image characteristics about the Winter Olympics have been highlighted to some extent. (2) Tourists’image perception dimensions are different before and after the Winter Olympics, and Beijing’s international image perception has been improved. The Winter Olympics effect is still being released, and the change of tourists’ perception is not obvious in a short period of time, and the related groups of winter Olympics elements have not yet formed. (3) Tourists’ emotions are mainly positive emotions, supplemented by neutral emotions, and the overall trend is positive. Based on this, it is put forward that the “Long Tail Effect” in the post-Winter Olympics period can be exerted by building the city brand of “Double Olympic City”, improving people’s enthusiasm for ice and snow sports and creating a highquality IP image of ice and snow.

Based on the data of 376 industrial tourism demonstration sites in Shandong Province, with the help of statistical tools such as nearest neighbor index, kernel density, barycenter standard deviation ellipse and geographic detectors, this study explored the spatial distribution type, distribution density, the distribution direction and the influence mechanism of industrial tourism demonstration sites in Shandong Province. The results show that: The industrial tourism demonstration sites in Shandong Province are clustered in space, and the clustering degree is relatively high. The spatial distribution density of industrial tourism demonstration sites varies greatly, with the characteristics of “multicore-patchy”. The center of gravity of Shandong Province is located in Weifang City, and the standard deviation ellipse shows a northeast-southwest trend. Industrial tourism has a strong dependence on natural factors such as hydrology and topography. The number of industrial enterprises above designated size, gross industrial production, GDP, total tourism revenue, passenger turnover, and the proportion of investment in fixed assets in the secondary industry are the main reasons for the spatial distribution of industrial tourism, and the interaction of the two factors will increase the degree of influence.

Based on the PSR model, the tourism ecological security evaluation index system was constructed. Max-DEA software, spatial autocorrelation and geographic detector methods were used to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern evolution characteristics and leading factors of tourism ecological security in 35 counties of Fenhe River Basin from 2010 to 2020. The results showed that: (1)The overall tourism ecological security level of Fenhe River Basin showed a “W” type evolution trend of “decreasing-increasing-decreasing-increasing”from 2010 to 2020, mostly concentrated in the “sensitive level”, and slowly tended to the “general safety level”.(2) In terms of spatial pattern, the spatial differentiation characteristics of county tourism ecological security level in Fenhe River Basin were significant, showing two spatial evolution patterns of overall and regional.(3) In terms of spatial correlation, there was a significant positive spatial correlation of county tourism ecological security in the Fenhe River Basin, and the global spatial correlation experienced a change from weak correlation to strong correlation.(4) The main factors affecting the ecological security of tourism  in the Fenhe River Basin are economic development intensity, tourism resource endowment attraction degree and ecological environmental protection strength.

This paper used PSM-DID method to evaluate the impact and mechanism of the program of border areas revitalization and poverty alleviation on the border tourism development of Guangxi, and further explored its policy effect heterogeneity. The results show that: (1) The policy has significantly promoted the border tourism development, and robustness analysis further confirms the above conclusion. (2) The policy promotes the border tourism development by promoting regional economic development, increasing tourism investment, and improving the living standards of urban residents. (3) The promoting effect will be different due to the population size and transportation development, and the larger the population size and the more convenient the transportation in border counties, the smaller the promotion effect on the tourism development. 

Taking Zhejiang Poetry Road Cultural Belt as an example, the flow law of literary-themed tourism flows in the provincial scale is studied through social network analysis and GIS spatial analysis. The study shows that: (1) Zhejiang Province has a high density of literature-themed tourism flow network, and the densities of tourism flow from high to low are the Grand Canal Poetry Road, Zhedong Tang Poetry Road, Qiantang River Poetry Road, Oujiang River Landscape Poetry Road, and the structure of the “composite star-shaped grouping” network of tourism flow shows “dense in the north and sparse in the south”  and “dense in the east and sparse in the west”. (2) The counties (cities and districts) in the literary theme tourism flow network of Zhejiang Province show the characteristics of positional order-scale, and the nodes of some overlapping poetic road cultural belts have obvious differences in the control ability of the whole tourism flow network resources. (3) According to the analysis of network grouping, the density level of Zhejiang literature theme tourism flow network presents a structure of “two big, three medium and three small”, and the 1st and 3rd cohesive subgroups with high internal density have strong radiation-driven effects. (4) Structural hole indicators show that, due to the influence of their own tourism resource endowment, transportation access capacity and other factors, the level of structural holes varies greatly, among which the Oujiang River Landscape Poetry Road area has a high quality level of structural holes.

The coordination between the protection  and the development of tourism is an important issue for rural revitalization. This article constructs an indicator system for the protection and tourism development of ethnic minority characteristic villages, and uses research methods such as entropy weight method and coupling coordination degree model to explore the level of village protection and tourism development and their coupling coordination relationship in Guanshe Village, a ethnic minority characteristic village in Fujian Province from 2009 to 2019. The results indicate that: (1) The level of village protection shows a development trend of “first increasing and then decreasing”. (2) The development level of village tourism is showing a continuous upward trend. (3) The coupling and coordination level between village protection and tourism development has been increasing year by year, but there is still a certain gap between them and high quality coordination.

According to the differentiation of agricultural land and non-agricultural land, this paper constructs the evaluation index system of land use benefit, comprehensively uses the entropy method, TOPSIS, ESDA, coupling coordination degree and geographic detector models, scientifically measures the land use benefit and its coupling coordination degree, as well as the regional difference, and explores the influencing factors. The results show that: The benefits of agricultural land and non-agricultural land both show a gradual growth trend, and both show a general pattern of gradual decline in the east, central and west. The regional gap of agricultural land benefits gradually increases and decreases, but the regional gap of non-agricultural land benefits is further widening. The coupling coordination degree of provincial land use benefits is steadily improving, the spatial distribution of coupling coordination degree has significant positive correlation, and the agglomeration is gradually weakened, indicating that the spatial distribution trend of coupling coordination degree is gradually balanced, and the gap between regions is further narrowing. The analysis shows that living standards, industrial development, economic operation, science and technology and resource endowment all have a positive effect on the coupling coordination degree of land use benefits, the influencing factors involved in different spatial agglomeration types have significant differences.

Based on land supply data from 2001 to 2019, this paper explores the evolution and mechanism of land supply pattern in Wuhan with the help of geospatial statistics. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The quantity of land supply is mainly in remote cities, the supply type is mainly residential, industrial, road, and transportation land, the supply source is mainly new construction land, and the supply method is mainly allocation and transfer. (2) The scale of land supply shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, continuously spreading from the main city to the distant city. The supply direction is mainly southeast and southwest, and different types, methods, and sources of land supply at different times show different structural and spatial characteristics. (3) Urban and rural development, government and market interaction, new normal of economic development, and center and edge heterogeneity respectively affect land supply, and the four aspects are interrelated to jointly drive the evolution of land supply pattern in Wuhan. Finally, strategies for efficient land supply are proposed based on the evolution of land supply patterns.

This paper takes Suzhou City as the study area, establishes the fragmentation evaluation model based on remote sensing and GIS methods, combines with MSPA method analysis, and systematically analyzes the spatial and temporal processes of its paddy field fragmentation and its influencing factors. The results show that, corresponding to the decrease of paddy field area in the plain of the study area, each landscape pattern index such as largest patch index can reflects its fragmentation trend. The spatial pattern of paddy field fragmentation in the study area has changed obviously. From 2000 to 2020, the proportion of non-fragmented area of paddy field decreased, while the medium and high fragmented area increased. There are two main patterns of increased fragmentation into construction land type and increased fragmentation type of paddy fields in the study area. The expansion of urban construction land is the main driving factor of paddy field fragmentation in the study area. This study concludes that the paddy fields in Suzhou have increased in fragmentation while decreasing in area, and the results provide a reference for the sustainable use of agricultural land and land use optimization in the study area.

Based on undesirable-SBM model, Tobit model and coupling coordination model, the coordination degree and influence mechanism between carbon emission efficiency and industrial structure optimization in nine provinces of the Yellow River basin from 2000 to 2021 were studied. Results showed that: The coordination of carbon emission efficiency and industrial structure in the Yellow River basin decreased first and then increased. From 2006 to 2016, it was on the verge of imbalance, and then gradually recovered. Coordinated development basically achieved except for Shanxi Province. The horizontal spatial pattern of coupling coordination was relatively stable, but there were significant regional differences. Overall, there was a decreasing trend in upstream, downstream, and midstream. And the carbon emissions in Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi were seriously lagging behind. Regulating energy consumption structure and human capital is an important way to improve the coupling and coordination level between carbon emission efficiency and industrial structure optimization in the Yellow River basin.

Taking the Yangtze River Delta as an example, from the perspective of ecosystem services, the improved ecosystem contribution rate model was used to measure regional ecological well-being, and the spatio-temporal evolution of per capita ecological well-being and eco-economic output efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta was analyzed. On this basis, the relative efficiency index and relative ecological well-being index were adopted to build a classification model of ecological well-being, and the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of each type were discussed. The results indicated that: (1)The revised contribution rates for various ecosystems in the Yangtze River Delta were as follows: cropland at 0.76, woodland 1.58, grassland 1.34, wetland 1.57, water 1.41, saltpan 0.05, and bare land 0.44.(2)Between 2009 and 2019, the eco-economic output efficiency in the region is constantly increasing, but per capita ecological well-being was decreasing.(3)The spatial negative correlation between eco-economic output efficiency and per capita ecological well-being was weakening, and its spatial aggregation types were low-low, low-high and high-low.（4）The Yangtze River Delta displayed marked spatial differentiation in ecological well-being. The region predominantly showed a mix of low efficiency-high welfare and high efficiency-low welfare areas. The proportion of low efficiency-low welfare areas decreased annually. Among the categories, only the high efficiency-low welfare area saw an increase. 

Taking Lanzhou City as the subject of study, this paper explores the classification of rural settlements based on environmental characteristics, and conducts an assessment of ecological environmental quality. The aim is to clarify the connection between the classification of rural settlements and the quality of the ecological environment, providing references for rural construction development and resource utilization. The results show that:(1) Rural settlements in Lanzhou City form “five categories and nine types” of settlement types. Among them, valley settlements are more numerous, accounting for 59.10% of the total; followed by hill settlements, with plain and mountain settlements not significantly different in number, accounting for 7.90% and 8.48% of the total, respectively; plateau settlements are the least common. (2) Altitude is a primary factor affecting settlement distribution and environmental quality. Plain and valley settlements are clustered on both sides of the riverbanks, and are numerous but with relatively poor ecological environments; mountain and plateau settlements have a better ecological environment, but the number of rural settlements is low. There is a significant negative correlation between rural settlements and ecological environmental quality, and the consistency between the results of the ecological environment characteristics analysis and the ecological environment quality assessment is relatively high.

The nearest neighbor index and kernel density estimation were used to measure the agglomeration degree of 364 planting specialized villages and towns in Henan Province and Shandong Province which are located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the SVDR model and gravity model were used to evaluate and construct the suitable zoning and diffusion network framework of planting specialized villages and towns in the study area. The results showed that:(1)The number of planting-type specialized villages and towns in Henan Province and Shandong Province has certain differences, and the overall distribution characteristics of “Henan is more and Shandong is less”. In addition,  specialized cultivation villages are mostly located in Henan Province, while specialized cultivation towns are mostly located in Shandong Province.(2)14 potential corridors were extracted, including 7 important proliferation corridors, 7 general proliferation corridors, 9 important strategic points and 4 general strategic points. Based on the above conclusions, combined with the spatial distribution characteristics of “core potential areas, diffusion corridors and strategic points”, the development model of “one core, one belt and two circles” planting specialized village and town diffusion network development model is proposed to improve the correlation and synergy between regions, and provide reference for the steady advancement of rural revitalization and the high-quality development of agricultural areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Based on the theory of rural regional system, 158 counties (districts) in Henan Province were selected as the research objects. On the basis of constructing the index system of rural regional system development level, the coupled coordination model and GIS tools were used to explore the spatio-temporal pattern and coordinated degree of rural regional system in Henan Province from 2000 to 2020. The results show that:（1）Henan Province has significant regional differences in development level, coupling degree and coordinated degree, with showing the overall spatial distribution characteristics of “high in southeast and low in northwest”.（2）Henan’s rural regional system gradually increases, and the difference between indexes gradually agglomerated to Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.（3）The coupling degree and coordinated degree of rural regional system are all declined, and the coupling coordination types are dominated by mild imbalance and moderate imbalance. In the future, by relying on the radiation and driving role of the county’s economy and the promotion of urban-rural integration, it is feasible to improve the overall development level of rural areas to achieve revitalization of the whole rural regional system.

Based on population census data and economic statistic data, this study employed demography methods and thin-plate spline analysis to explore the indirect and synergistic effects of the economy on aging, specifically through its influence on fertility, migration, and life expectancy. The results revealed a distinct geographical pattern of low-high-medium-high-low aging rates from west to east in China. From 2000 to 2020, regional differences narrowed in the early stage and expanded in the later stage. The aging process in various parts of China was categorized into 18 groups. The findings demonstrated the presence of both marginal effects and cumulative effects in the relationships between life expectancy, fertility rate, population migration, and aging rate. Furthermore, unilateral and bilateral marginal effects were observed between the economy and these three factors, resulting in a unique “wave-shaped” geographical pattern of aging. This pattern arises from the combined impacts of the economy on fertility and life expectancy, as well as the directional allocation of migration, all of which contribute to the initial narrowing and subsequent expansion of regional differences in aging rates. 

Using urban population aging development data and three population censuses in Henan Province from 2000 to 2020, explored the temporal evolution trend of population aging, and analyzed the spatial differences and agglomeration characteristics of population aging and the driving mechanism of regional differences in temporal and spatial evolution of population aging in Henan Province through exploratory spatial data and geographically weighted models. The results show that: (1) Since 2000, the number and proportion of elderly population in Henan Province have shown a stepwise increment, U-shaped adjustment and linear growth, and deep aging has become an inevitable trend. (2) The spatial clustering of population aging in Henan Province is obvious, with significant differentiation, and the spatial pattern of “low in the northwest and high in the southeast” along the Yellow River basin. (3) The spatial distribution of aging is affected by a combination of “internal and external forces”. The natural growth rate and the decrease in net migration rate, which are internal drivers of demographic differences, lead to a higher degree of aging in areas with a small population base, while among the external factors, the better the economic and medical development, the higher the level of education, and the more developed industrial industries, the lower the degree of aging.