贫困、人口和环境是山区县域发展中面临的关键因素，但其中最核心也是可改变的是人口分布基础上形成的低水平均衡的区域格局。山区县域突破贫困、人口和环境之间的“PPE怪圈”及“低水平均衡陷阱”的基本路径是县域空间结构重组。实施空间集中化战略，以人口与投资分布的调整为手段、以城镇发展为基点、以产业集聚为基础，积极促进人口与生产要素向平川区域、重点城镇和中心村集中是山区县域空间结构重组的基本方向。人口、居民点系统是县域空间系统构成中起控制和干预作用的中心环节，以人口、居民点重组为主线，构建县域空间开发的基础格局，以空间管制和配套区域政策为保障，同步推进生态、产业、基础设施重组，是山区县域空间系统化重组的操作模式。

Poverty, population and environment are main factors with the development of maintain counties. But the most important issue that also would be changed is the regional arrangement of lowlevel equilibrium based on population distribution. Spatial restructuring of the county will be a basic path, which can solve breakthrough of mountain counties in poverty, “PPE strange circle” between the population and the environment, and “lowlevel equilibrium trap”. It is the basic direction of mountain county spatial restructuring to put into effect spatial centralization and accelerate population and product factors concentration in plain, key town and core villages by adjusting population and investment distribution based on urban development and industry agglomeration. The population and settlement system, which belong to counties spatial system, are central links of control and intervention. The operation mode of mountain counties contains two aspects. One is to build the basis pattern for development of county space around the line of population and reorganization settlement. The other aspect is to promote the restructuring of the ecological, industrial and infrastructure synchronously with the guarantee of space control and supporting regional policy.